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The principle of Mendelian inheritance and the analysis of pedigree of traits which inherit by Mendelian theory.

Mendelian inheritance k_buddhachat

Cell reproduction: A process that cells reproduce themselves for propagation, growth, development and even renewal or repair; mitosis and meiosis.

Cell reproduction k_buddhachat

PIA BIOLOGY MACH 230 mayra_ale7

This article describes different protocols that enhance the extraction, isolation
and purification of phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium, Thermosynechococcus
elongatus as well as absorbance and fluorescence spectral characterization. A combination
of enzymatic degradation by Lysozyme followed by high pressure showed a mild cell wall
destruction except for the composition of thylakoid membrane compared with glass beads.
The use of ammonium sulfate precipitation as the first purification step exhibited high
efficiency in removing most of the protein contamination. The best purified phycocyanin
was obtained after using the second purification step that could be ion exchange
chromatography or sucrose gradient. Unexpected results that were not used earlier were
obtained by sucrose gradient, where a large amount of highly pure phycocyanin was
assembled compared with published methods.

Efficient methods for fast, producible, C-Phycocyanin from Thermosynechococcus elongatus researchinbiology

Mucopolysaccharides were detected by histochemical methods in the crystalline cones of both the butterfly (Pieris brassicae) and the moth (Philosamia ricini) commonly known as large cabbage white and eri silk moth respectively, but they were absent in the rhabdome part of both the insects. The mucopolysaccharides were extracted by biochemical method and the subsequent electrophoretic analysis revealed that they were similar to chondroitin 4 – sulfate. Moreover, chromatographic analysis revealed different sugar components in the eyes of the two insects. It is concluded that acid mucopolysaccharides have structural and other physiological roles in the visual apparatus but no part in light and dark or photoperiodic adaptations.

Acid mucopolysaccharides in the eyes of the butterfly, Pieris brassicae and the moth, Philosamia ricini researchinbiology

The Sip River is a tributary of the River Narmada, joining Narmada right bank just upstream of Indira Sagar Reservoir. A systematic study of fish diversity in River Sip has been neglected and the information on this aspects in scanty, either very old or not been updated for decades. Keeping this in view, the present study was conducted. The aim of this study is to document ichthyofauna and to provide measures for their conservation. The present work was done from the period of May 2011 to April 2012. A total of 29 species belonging to 17 genera, eight families and three orders were recorded. A total of 427 individuals were caught from eight stations. The most abundant group of fish was Cyprinidae. Out of all these, Rasbora daniconius has the maximum number of individuals (116) recorded from all sites and contributes 27.16% of the total population.

Species diversity and assemblage of fish fauna of Sip River: A tributary of Narmada River researchinbiology

Oil palm tree grows naturally on low ground and on plain. Seed production varies from one area to another on the same oil palm plantation. Pollination of oil palm is essentially entomophilous; it appeared useful to assess the influence of the growing area on the fluctuation of pollinating insects’ population. Samplings were performed each month on male and female inflorescences during two years on plots in lowland and plain. The insects showed no qualitative change from one area to another. Sixteen species of insects were observed on the male inflorescences against 10 species on female inflorescences. The inflorescences showed variation in the number of insects based on the growing area and the stage of flowering.

Influence of the growing area on oil palm Elaeis guineensis inflorescences insects population researchinbiology

Evaluating the action of the residues of pesticides on non-target organisms has been of interest to many researchers. The present study aimed to evaluate the pesticides deltamethrin and endosulfan on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male albino mice. The results showed that the daily oral administration of deltamethrin and endosulfan caused a significant decrease in neurotransmitter contents (NE, DA and GABA) in most of the tested brain areas (cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem and hippocampus). On the other hand a gradual significant reduction, ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities, while the glucose level and acid phosphatase increase were observed in serum of mice treated with deltamethrin and endosulfan for two weeks. Also, this study has a significant inhibition in the activities of enzymes in liver tissues of treated mice including glutathione reductase.

Impact of the residue of Deltamethrin and Endosulfan pesticides on biochemical toxicity and some neurotransmitter contents in different brain areas of male Albino mice researchinbiology

So far, the karyotypes of seven Acrididae species from Cameroon have been reported. These species included: Acrida turrita, Chirista compta, Coryphosima stenoptera producta, Oxycatantops spissus (Acridinae), Paracinema luculenta, Morphacris fasciata (Oedipodinae) and Spathosternum pygmaeum (Spathosterninae). Karyotype and meiosis relationships among these species were analysed from published data. The species had a common karyotype made up of 23 acrocentric chromosomes (males), the sex mechanism in all seven species was XX♀-XO♂ and meiosis was normal and chiasmate. The chromosomes in the species occurred in three size groups of long, medium and short. The number of chromosomes per size group however varied among the species (A. turrita = 4LL:5MM:2SS; C. compta =4LL:4MM:3SS; C. stenoptera product=2LL:6MM:3SS; O. spissus =5LL:3MM:3SS; P. luculenta = 6LL:2MM:3SS; M. fasciata = 6LL:2MM:3SS; and S. pygmaeum = 2LL:7MM:2SS).

A chromosomal analysis of seven Cameroonian Acrididae species Orthoptera: Acridinae, Oedipodinae and Spathosterninae based on published data researchinbiology

The phytochemical, proximate, mineral and vitamin contents of Abelmoschus esculentus Moench and Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms were investigated. Plant samples were harvested from Polluted Environment (PE) at Izombe in Oguta Local Government Area- an oil drilling and gas flaring environment. The results obtained were compared to identical vegetables harvested from Eziobodo in Owerri West Local Government Area, designated as Unpolluted Environment (UPE). Our result showed that A. esculentus and P. mildbraedii have excellent nutritional value, which can confer biochemical and physiological advantage to humans. The quantitative proximate composition showed that the carbohydrate and ash contents of samples harvested from PE differed significantly (P<0.05) from samples obtained from unpolluted environment. The protein, crude fibre, moisture and total fat contents of samples from PE differed non significantly (P<0.05) when compared with samples obtained from UPE.

Evaluation of the Impact of Oil and Gas Pollutants on the Chemical Composition of Abelmoschus esculentus Moench and Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms researchinbiology

Bacterial isolates from petroleum refinery effluent were evaluated for growth in increasing doses of phenol and heavy metal ions. All the test organisms were able to grow in mineral salt medium with phenol concentration of 15.0 mM (≈ 1412.0 mg/l) except Pseudomonas sp. RBD3. Aeromonas sp. RBD4, Staphylococcus sp. RBD5 and Pseudomonas sp. RBD10 showed the highest tolerance to 15.0 mM of phenol followed by Corynebacterium sp. RBD7 while Escherichia coli RBD2 and Citrobacter sp. RBD8 showed the least tolerance to 15.0 mM of phenol. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 1.0 mM for mercury and 4.5 mM for chromium, nickel, lead and copper. The bacterial strains were most susceptible to mercury toxicity. Viable counts of the organism on mineral salt-phenol agar showed a typical growth pattern for inhibitory substrate.

Phenol and Heavy Metal Tolerance Among Petroleum Refinery Effluent Bacteria researchinbiology

Diagnosis of pasteurellosis has become difficult, as there are five different capsular types and 16 somatic types. Molecular techniques like PCR are adapted nowadays for rapid and accurate diagnosis in early stage of the disease and also it provides useful information for epidemiological studies. The present study was conducted to study the efficiency of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the identification of P. multocida isolates and evaluation of different PCR methods viz., (i) PCR using genomic DNA (ii) PCR using culture lysate and (iii) PCR by colony touch method. In the present study P. multocida specific PCR was performed by using KMT1SP6 and KMT1T7 oligos. These oligos amplified the genomic DNA from P. multocida isolates only. All the three methods produced PCR amplified product at 460 bp and colony touch method was found to be the best method.

Identification of Animal Pasteurellosis by PCR Assay researchinbiology

Assessments on biodegradation at low and high doses of phenol by bacterial strains indigenous to Okrika River in Niger Delta of Nigeria were carried out. Growth at low dose of 0.01 μg/l phenol showed that highest and lowest cell density values of OD540nm of 0.15 and 0.09 in Pseudomonas sp. SD1 and Citrobacter sp. RW1 while at 1.0 μg/l phenol concentration the highest cell density values of OD540nm of 0.28 was observed in Staphylococcus sp. RW2. The highest specific growth rate of 0.019 h-1 at 500 mg/l of phenol was obtained for Pseudomonas sp. SD1 while Citrobacter sp. RW1 had the lowest specific growth rate of 0.014 h-1 at 500 mg/l of phenol. The specific phenol degradation rate ranges from 55.35 to 130.98 mg/(L.h.OD).

Biodegradation of phenol at low and high doses by bacterial strains indigenous to Okrika River in the Niger Delta of Nigeria researchinbiology

North-east India is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot and among the richest bird zones in India. Tripura lies in the border of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot area but is poorly covered by ornithological works. Avifauna of Tripura state is known by 277 species but there is lack of information about their distribution, particularly in and around Agartala city, which is the capital of Tripura state and is a tourist destination along the border of Bangladesh for its natural landscapes, inland water species, and strong presence of green flora. With a view to enhance its value for tourist attraction and naturalists, a study was conducted to record the species of birds that occur in and around the City. In the present study 73 bird species were recorded from Agartala city and its adjacent areas belonging to 41 families and 14 orders.

An ornithological survey in the vicinity of Agartala city of Tripura state, north-eastern India researchinbiology

Use of medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of digestive tract ailments in cattle has originated long back in the history. An attempt was made to list out different successful preparations used by rural traditional healers and farmers to cure the common digestive tract ailments of the domestic cattle, mainly cows and buffaloes. Personal interviews with pre-structured questionnaire, observation of preparation of herbal medicines and their administration, results attained etc. were made to make a preliminary study of the traditional method of treatment. Collection of sample plant species and their identification, refinements of the methods adopted for preparation of these herbal medicines were done with the help of the local people especially the village heads and older persons. A total of 66 plant species of 40 families distributed in 61 genera was recorded. Efficacy of these preparations was examined in the subsequent visits.

Treatment of digestive tract ailments in cattle with herbal folk-medicines: A preliminary study in Ganjam District researchinbiology

Present study was undertaken to study the reproductive behaviours and seed biology of Aconitum nagarum. As per the present study, the species starts flowering from october first week onwards. The flowers are blue in colour, arranged as slender raceme, petals and filaments glabrous, carpel five and bisexual. The flowers bloom acropetally and anthesis was observed between 6.00 - 6.30 AM. Anther dehisced longitudinally from 7.00 AM till 9.30 AM. The number of anthers were found to be 49 per flower. It was observed that flower colour changes as the plant goes on fully dehisced. The flowering duration per flower varied from 4-6 days followed by fruit formations and matures within 10-15 days. The average flowers per plant varied from 8-28 and common pollinator was found to be bees. Mean seeds per plant was ~270-540 and pollen per anther was approximately 1000 - 2000. The seeds exhibited ~38% germination from seeds stratified at 4°C for 96 h.

Studies on the reproductive biology and seed biology of Aconitum nagarum Stapf: a threatened medicinal plant of North East India researchinbiology

Length-Weight Relationships (LWR) were estimated for Elasmobranchii caught by the artisanal fishing fleet of Margarita Island, Venezuela. A total of 3604 organisms belonging to 21 species (14 sharks and 7 batoids) were analyzed. Growth type, minimum and maximum length and weight are summarized. The estimates for the ‘b’ parameter of the LWR ranged between 1.706 and 3.955, with a mean of 3.034. To the best of our knowledge, no information currently exists on the LWR of Heptranchias perlo, Squalus cubensis, Squatina dumeril, Gymnura micrura, Myliobatis freminvillei and Mobula hypostoma. This article stands as a pioneer towards the growth research in these elasmobranchs.

Length-Weight Relationships of 21 species of Elasmobranchii from Margarita Island, Venezuela researchinbiology

Nine insecticides were evaluated for their toxicity (LC50) and 50% lethal times (LT50) against 3rd instar Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. Two groups of insecticides were identified based on LC50 and LT50 values. Bright® 30EC was the most toxic (LC50 = 0.0006 μg/g) while Fastac® 5EC was the least toxic (LC50 = 0.6046μg/g) among all the insecticides tested. Haemolymph protein changes from insecticide treated larvae were also determined. The total haemolymph protein content in insecticide treated larvae was generally lower than the control. Additionally, the number of protein bands present in electrophoresis gels of insecticide treated larvae was also lower than that of untreated larvae. The implications of these results are discussed.

Insecticide induced changes in haemolymph protein profiles of Spodoptera frugiperda F Lepidoptera:Noctuidae researchinbiology

Birds are interesting group of animals which are distributed in all major types habitat. Banni is one of the large grassland of India invaded by Prosopis juliflora, an alien plant species. Invasion of this species and some other natural and anthropogenic factor leads the grassland converted into a mixture of heterogeneous habitats. A study was attempted to understand the distribution of birds in this heterogeneous grassland. The habitats were identified based on dominant species of plants. The population estimates of birds were surveyed using line transects method and point count census method.
A total of 91 species were recorded during the survey in the various habitats of this grassland. Among the seven habitats, sparse Prosopis was the most diverse habitat for bird species whereas Prosopis-Capparis was the least diverse habitat for bird species.

Distribution pattern of birds in Banni Grassland of Kachchh district, Gujarat, India researchinbiology

56 species belonging to 60 taxa (out of 126 species in the World) of Caryophyllaceae family grows naturally in Turkey with Gypsophila sps L. as the third largest genus. The endemism ratio of the genus is 60% in Turkey. Because Turkey is the gene center of Gypsophila and economically very valuable; determining the geographic distribution and biological characteristics of the taxa is very necessary. They have well-developed roots, that prevent soil erosion. Because of containing saponin (10-25 %) in their root, its extract is used as fire extinguisher, gold polisher, cleaner and softener of delicate fabrics and crispness giving substance for halva. It is also used for making liqueur, herbal cheese, ice cream and some other foods. Some taxa are boron hyper acumulators and vegetative mining can be conducted by hyper accumulation. They are also thought to be the cleaning tools for toxid areas by fitoremediation.

Determining the Natural Gypsophila L. Coven Taxa Growing in Tunceli Turkey researchinbiology

The determination of age and growth from the scales of trout river (Salmo trutta macrostigma, Dumeril, 1858) at Sidi Rachid River; was employed out of 438 specimens used the size varies between 6.3 cm and 37.5 cm, the relation linking the growth in length of the fish and the growth of the scale. Varied according to the equation Log Lt = 0.8674 ×Log Rt + 0.5349, with a coefficient of correlation( r) = 0.86592138. The period of the end of growth to this population of trout is between December and January, this period is characterized in the middle of the atlas by important reductions in temperature on one hand, the decrease of the network trophique on the other hand which gets coincided with the period of reproduction of the trout. The resumption of the growth is made in a important way from March. The age of the trout's determined by scales varies between 0 + to 5 +.

Determination of age and growth by scale of a population of common trout Salmo trutta macrostigma, Dumeril, 1858 at the level of Sidi Rachid River Ifrane. Morocco researchinbiology

Diatoms are a ubiquitous class of phytoplankton of extreme importance for the biogeochemical cycling of minerals such as silica. Few places of Nagaon district of Assam, India viz., Jiajuri, Borhola, Thanajuri and Chapanala have been recognized as the highest silica zones by Geological Survey of India. No any research has been conducted to explore the diatom diversity at this important silica rich habitat. In the present investigation, the morphology and diversity of freshwater diatom species were investigated during May 2012 to April 2013. The samples were subjected to acid wash treatment followed by microscopic observations. Altogether 103 species of diatoms belonging to 20 genera were recorded. Occurrence of diatom varied in all the four different study sites.

Diversity of freshwater diatoms from few silica rich habitats of Assam, India researchinbiology

The seeds of Blepharis sindica T. Anders (Acanthaceae) are the official part of
the plant for its medicinal values and also as the promise of its future. Dunes of the
Thar desert with high percolation capabilities are the most preferred habitat of this
vulnerable medicinal plant. It produces 1337.26 seeds/plant as an average and shows
high viability and germination percentage under in-vitro conditions, but efficiency of
seedling establishment was observed poor at natural sites. Occurrence of seed coat
layers as sheath of hygroscopic hairs is a sign of its extreme capabilities to initiate life
under lesser soil moisture availabilities in desert. Seeds with 0.5 to 1.0 ml distilled
water were observed most suitable for the production of maximum shoot and root
lengths under controlled conditions. Maximum biomass of shoot and root modules
were observed in 0.5 ml distilled water.

High adaptability of Blepharis sindica T. Anders seeds towards moisture scarcity: A possible reason for the vulnerability of this medicinal plant from the Indian Thar desert researchinbiology

Gedi, local name of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik was used by local people in Northern Sulawesi-Indonesia as vegetable, because of its medicinal properties. The potency of gedi leaves in broiler diet has not been reported in literatures. The objective of this research was to investigate a genetic diversity of gedi commonly consumed as a gourmet cuisine in the North Sulawesi of Indonesia, and exploring the potential of this plant as a herb plant for a candidate of poultry feedstuff. Eight morphologically different gedi leaves (GH1, GH2, GH3, GH4, GH5, GH6, GM1 and GM2) that grow in Manado area, North Sulawesi of Indonesia were collected and identified. The leaves were extracted for DNA isolation followed by PCR and DNA sequencing analysis. During DNA isolation, 3 of 6 GH (GH4, GH5, GH6) were discontinued because of difficulty in separating the mucilage properties. Following PCR analysis, GH2 and GH3 did not produce bands and consequently were excluded from further analysis.

Genetics characterization, nutritional and phytochemicals potential of gedi leaves Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik growing in the North Sulawesi of Indonesia as a candidate of poultry feed researchinbiology

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are integral, functioning parts of plant roots, widely recognized as plant growth enhancing beneficial mycobionts and tolerance to variety of stresses such as nutrient, drought, salinity and trace metals (TM). A study was undertaken to access the influence of paper mill effluents on mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal spore count. Plants grown in metal contaminated site were found less mycotrophic than their counterparts on the non-polluted one. Regression analyses revealed that the mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal spore count are significantly and positively correlated with various soil physio-chemical properties in the polluted and non-polluted site. Glomus was the most frequently isolated mycorrhizal species from the polluted site. The isolated indigenous strains of AM can be used for inoculation of plant species that might be used for rehabilitation of contaminated site.

Associations of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal AM fungi in the Phytoremediation of Trace Me researchinbiology

This study was conducted to access the effect of various background colors of cultured vessel on growth performance and response in the production of Clarias gariepinus fry. A total of two female (800 g) and one male (1 kg) of test fish was used. During the eight weeks of the experimental period, the C. gariepinus fry were reared in three tanks in duplicates with different background colors (green, blue and white). Body weight and total length of C. gariepinus were recorded for the eight weeks and mean variance of the collected data were analyzed for significant difference. Mean weight and Mean length values were separated using Duncan multiple range test (DMRTS). Background color did not significantly affect the growth performance of C. gariepinus fry. The length and weight of the sample were measured weekly.

The growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fries raised in varying coloured receptacles. researchinbiology

During field survey, we encounter live specimen of Lycodon flavicollis while it was crossing the path at about 1130 hrs on 20th September 2013. Near a close to the famous temple of Sri Lord Venkateswara (13° 42 N & 79° 20’E). During the time of collection, it was cool and cloudy. Subsequently, the specimen was photographed and released after collection of morphometry measurements. In the present paper, we provide additional and new locality record in Eastern Ghats.

New Locality Record of Yellow Collared Wolf Snake Lycodon flavicollis Mukherjee and Bhupathy, 2007 from Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India researchinbiology

This article presents detailed information on the meiotic process and karyotype of Atractomorpha lata (=A. bedeli), a Pyrgomorphidae grasshopper endemic to the West and North-West Regions of Cameroon. It includes chromosome number, morphology and chromosome lengths. The meiotic process in the species was normal and chiasmate with a mean chiasma frequency of 12.874 ±0.29. The percent rod shaped bivalents present was significantly higher (P<0.05) than percent ring shaped bivalents. Percent bivalents with 1, 2 and 3 chiasmata were in the series: 1 chiasmata > 2 chiasmata > 3 chiasmata. The X chromosome revealed the reversal type of heteropycnosis. The detailed karyotype of A. lata from Cameroon (Africa) is here described for the first time. The species has a diploid karyotype of 23 and the sex mechanism is XX –XO. Short chromosome arms were visible in mitotic Metaphase chromosomes hence the chromosomes in the species were acrocentric.

Meiosis and Chromosome Complement of Atractomorpha lata =A. bedeli Mochulsky, 1866 Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae Collected in Cameroon. researchinbiology

Synthetic insecticides employed for the control of insect pests are toxic to man and livestock acting as pollutants to the environment, killing all beneficial insects thereby causing a disturbance to the ecosystem. The use of natural products such as plant essential oils has assumed significance as an important component of insect pest management because of their financial viability and eco-friendly nature. They hold promise as alternatives to chemical insecticides to reduce pesticide load in the environment. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of three essential oils -eucalyptus oil, lemon grass oil and thyme oil for the repellent activity against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Among the essential oils, Lemon grass oil showed good repellency property when compared to the other two plant oils.

Laboratory evaluation and comparative study of herbal mosquito coils against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Diptera: Culicidae researchinbiology

The purpose of this study at first was to know the level of knowledge of farmers on recurrent diseases in Grand Kanem and ways to fight against them; and secondly to provide NGOs and policy makers with ways to improve the animal health situation of animals in this region. Two team of experts were formed to cover the area of study in 10 days. Operating income for the livestock system is concerned mainly in the study. Sheets serving as guides for interviews focused on the following points: the most common diseases, the disease name in the vernacular, the periods of their appearance, the manifestation of these diseases, the major difficulties to fight against these diseases and so on. The individual interviews with farmers and groups (focus) helped to know the level of knowledge of recurrent diseases in the region. The description of the manifestation of certain diseases, their time of onset and the socioeconomic consequences show familiarity among breeders with these conditions.

Knowledge of diseases and animal control methods at the Grand Kanem in Chad researchinbiology

HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Wide-ranging and inclusive, this text provides an invaluable review of an expansive
selection of topics in human evolution, variation, and adaptability for professionals
and students in biological anthropology, evolutionary biology, medical sciences, and
psychology. The chapters are organized around four broad themes, with sections
devoted to phenotypic and genetic variation within and between human populations,
reproductive physiology and behavior, growth and development, and human health
from evolutionary and ecological perspectives. An introductory section provides
readers with the historical, theoretical, and methodological foundations needed to
understand the more complex ideas presented later. Two hundred discussion questions provide starting points for class debate and assignments to test student
understanding.
Michael P. Muehlenbein is an assistant professor of anthropology at Indiana
University, Bloomington. He holds an MsPH in both tropical medicine

Human Evolutionary Biology helviitenge

Wide-ranging and inclusive, this text provides an invaluable review of an expansive
selection of topics in human evolution, variation, and adaptability for professionals
and students in biological anthropology, evolutionary biology, medical sciences, and
psychology. The chapters are organized around four broad themes, with sections
devoted to phenotypic and genetic variation within and between human populations,
reproductive physiology and behavior, growth and development, and human health
from evolutionary and ecological perspectives. An introductory section provides
readers with the historical, theoretical, and methodological foundations needed to
understand the more complex ideas presented later. Two hundred discussion questions provide starting points for class debate and assignments to test student
understanding.
Michael P. Muehlenbein is an assistant professor of anthropology at Indiana
University, Bloomington. He holds an MsPH in both tropical medicine and biostatistics from Tul

Human Evolutionary Biology in Cambridge cliamb.li

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